Opinion 2002 Washington Koh Charging Order

Koh

 

Koh v. Inno-Pacific Holdings, Ltd., 114 Wash.App. 268, 54 P.3d 1270 (2002).

 

Washington Court of Appeals

 

No. 47991-1-I

 

114 Wash.App. 268, 54 P.3d 1270, 2002.WA.0001445

 

October 07, 2002

 

KAY YEW KOH, APPELLANT,

 

v.

 

INNO-PACIFIC HOLDINGS, LTD., RESPONDENT.

 

Appeal from Superior Court of King County Docket No: 002223285 Judgment or order under review Date filed: 12/18/2000 Judge signing: Hon. Robert Alsdorf

 

* * *

 

The opinion of the court was delivered by: Grosse, J.

 

Concurring: William W. Baker, Walter E. Webster

 

PUBLISHED OPINION

 

Normally, personal property is found, for purposes of levy or attachment, where it is physically located or where the owner resides. The interest of a member in a limited liability company is personal property. Therefore, once it has been determined by a court of competent jurisdiction that a defendant is a debtor of the plaintiff, an action to realize on that debt in Washington, where the defendant has a property interest in a limited liability company, is proper whether or not Washington would have had jurisdiction to determine the existence of the debt as an original matter.

 

FACTS

 

Inno-Pacific Holdings, Ltd. (Inno-Pacific) is a Singapore public corporation with its principal place of business in Singapore. Inno- Pacific employed Kay Yew Koh (Koh) to conduct business activities on its behalf in California. Koh sued Inno- Pacific for wrongful termination in California, and prevailed receiving a money judgment against Inno-Pacific in the amount of $240,000 (Singapore dollars). Inno-Pacific had appeared through counsel to defend itself against Koh's claim.

 

In post-judgment discovery, Koh learned that Inno-Pacific owned a 50 percent interest in Sawyer Falls, a limited liability company, registered under the laws of the state of Washington as a domestic limited liability company. Sawyer Falls has an agent in Washington and owns 478 acres of undeveloped real property in Washington as a long-term development project.

 

However, Sawyer Falls registered as its principal place of business an address in Malaysia and represents that its main office, officers, employees, books, and records are located in Malaysia.

 

Two years after the California judgment, Koh obtained a charging order in King County Superior Court against Inno-Pacific's interest in Sawyer Falls. Inno-Pacific filed a motion to quash the charging order based on lack of personal jurisdiction and lack of in rem jurisdiction, but did not contest the validity of the California judgment. The trial court quashed Koh's charging order holding that the 'Court lacks jurisdiction over Defendant's membership interest in Sawyer Falls because the membership interest as personal property is located outside the state of Washington.' Koh appeals.

 

DISCUSSION

 

Preliminary to the issue of jurisdiction is the location of Inno- Pacific's interest in Sawyer Falls. Clearly, Inno-Pacific's interest in Sawyer Falls is personal property to Inno-Pacific.*fn1 Inno-Pacific argues that an entity's interest in a limited liability company exists where the entity resides, in this case in Singapore. Thus, Inno-Pacific concludes that Washington courts have no jurisdiction over its personal property interest in Sawyer Fal ls. Koh counters that an entity's interest in a limited liability company is located where that company is formed.

 

Koh's position is the more accurate. The touchstone of Inno-Pacific's argument regarding jurisdiction is In re Estate of Grady.*fn2 That case does stand for the proposition that personal property is located where the owner is domiciled. Unquestionably, that is true for purposes of taxation.

 

However, that proposition does not preclude jurisdiction over personal property where it is found.*fn3 Certainly the language of the statute appears to reflect that a partnership interest is located where the partnership is formally organized:

 

On application to a court of competent jurisdiction by any judgment creditor of a member, the court may charge the limited liability company interest of the member with payment of the unsatisfied amount of the judgment with interest. To the extent so charged, the judgment creditor has only the rights of an assignee of the limited liability company interest. This chapter does not deprive any member of the benefit of any exemption laws applicable to the member's limited liability company interest.*fn4

 

Washington's Limited Liability Company Act is modeled substantially upon the Uniform Limited Liability Company Act, which was in turn based upon the Uniform Partnership Act and the Revised Uniform Partnership Act, adopted in full or in part by various states.*fn5 Therefore, although the comments to the Uniform Limited Liability Company Act, the Uniform Partnership Act, and the Revised Uniform Partnership Act do not directly discuss this issue, we can look to the few cases that do address the location of a partnership interest under one of these uniform acts.

 

In Rankin v. Culver, 16 years after Pennsylvania's enactment of its version of the Uniform Partnership Act, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania analyzed whether a creditor could attach the partnership interest of a nonresident debtor when the partnership was organized and doing business in Pennsylvania.*fn6 The Rankin court found that an interest of a partner in firm assets is personalty and subject to foreign attachment. Further, the court held that a partnership doing business in Pennsylvania constituted a property interest in Pennsylvania to those who owned an interest in the partnership, thus a writ of foreign attachment on the partnership interest was valid.*fn7

 

In Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation v. Birchwood Builders, Inc., a plaintiff received a judgment in New York and learned that the debtor, a New York resident, owned 40 percent of a partnership organized in New Jersey under that state's version of the Uniform Partnership Act.*fn8 The partnership owned a tract of vacant land in New Jersey, although it earned no income. The plaintiff attempted to attach the partnership interest through a charging order in New Jersey. Although the New Jersey court did not discuss in detail the location of the partnership interest, it determined that even though the owner of the partnership interest resided in New York, the partnership was incorporated in New Jersey and thus the interest was subject to attachment in New Jersey.*fn9

 

These cases illustrate at the least that where a partnership organizes under the laws of a state, the partnership interest is located within that state. Here, Sawyer Falls is registered under the laws of the State of Washington, maintains an office and registered agent in Washington, and owns a parcel of property in Washington. Therefore, the partnership interest is located here.

 

Koh correctly asserts that Washington's Limited Liability Company Act clearly allows him to reach Inno-Pacific's interest in Sawyer Falls through a validly entered foreign judgment and charging order entered in Washington by a court of competent jurisdiction.*fn10 Nevertheless, Inno-Pacific argues, or appears to argue, that this apparent jurisdiction and authority should not be exercised because it offends the Constitution, citing Shaffer v. Heitner*fn11 and Hanson v. Denckla.*fn12 But, a careful look at those cases convinces us that jurisdiction does lie.

 

At first glance, the action here does appear to be the type of quasi in rem action described in the case of Hanson v. Denckla, a proceeding where the plaintiff seeks to apply property unrelated to the claim to the satisfaction of a judgment or claim against the defendant.*fn13 Clearly, Koh is attempting to apply the property of Inno-Pacific to a debt unrelated to that property. This type of quasi in rem jurisdiction was addressed in Washington in Ace Novelty Company v. M.W. Kasch Company and later addressed by the United States Supreme Court in Shaffer v. Heitner.*fn14

 

Ace Novelty involved a plaintiff that attempted to sue in Washington a Wisconsin company for a debt by attaching unrelated assets that the company allegedly owned in Washington. Shaffer involved a nonresident shareholder of a Delaware corporation who filed a motion in Delaware to attach the corporate stock of nonresident officers and directors to force them to appear for purposes of a different shareholder's derivative suit. Both Ace Novelty and Shaffer held that this type of proceeding requires the same minimum contacts discussed in International Shoe Company v. State of Washington.*fn15 However, neither of the plaintiffs in those cases ha d obtained a valid foreign judgment, as Koh did here. This action is different. It involves action on a valid foreign judgment to obtain a charging order against the property of a judgment debtor. Here, it is registration of the foreign judgment in conjunction with the presence of the property that satisfies due process.

 

As the court in Shaffer notes, once a court of competent jurisdiction has determined that a defendant is a debtor of the plaintiff under the Full Faith and Credit Clause 'there would seem to be no unfairness in allowing an action to realize on that debt in a State where the defendant has property, whether or not that State would have jurisdiction to determine the existence of the debt as an original matter.'*fn16 Therefore, because we have determined that the property exists in Washington and that Koh has a valid foreign judgment, our decision is simple. The Full Faith and Credit Clause and Washington's Foreign Judgments Act allow Koh to register his California judgment and obtain a charging order against Inno-Pacific's interest in Sawyer Falls.*fn17 There is no unfairness in allowing an action in this jurisdiction to realize on a valid California judgment. Indeed, such a result is required in order to give full faith and credit to the California judgment. The property is here. A charging order entered here against the property interest is permissible.

 

Reversed.

 

 

Opinion Footnotes

 

*fn1 RCW 25.15.245(1).

 

*fn2 In re Estate of Grady, 79 Wn.2d 41, 483 P.2d 114 (1971).

 

*fn3 Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 247, 78 S. Ct. 1228, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1283 (1958) (citing State Tax Comm'n of Utah v. Aldrich, 316 U.S. 174, 62 S. Ct. 1008, 86 L. Ed. 1358 (1942); Curry v. McCanless, 307 U.S. 357, 59 S. Ct. 900, 83 L. Ed. 1339 (1939)).

 

*fn4 RCW 25.15.255.

 

*fn5 6A Nat'l Conference on Comm'rs on Uniform State Laws, Business and Nonprofit Organizations and Associations Laws at 235, 401 (West 1995) (sec. 703 of 1976 Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act; sec. 22 of 1916 Uniform Limited Partnership Act); see, e.g., The Charging Order Under the Uniform Partnership Act, 28 Wash. L. Rev, 1, 18 (Gose) 1953; Sherwood v. Jackson, 121 Cal. App. 354, 357, 8 P.2d 943 (1932); see, e.g., Ala. Code sec. 10-12-35 (1975); Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. sec.. 34-30 (1961); Del. Code Ann. sec. 18-703 (2000); Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. sec. 428-504 (1996); Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. sec. 180/30-20 (1994); La. Code Ann. sec. 486A.504 (West 1998) (noting that the section is similar to sec. 504 of Uniform Partnership Act (1997)); Mont. Code Ann. sec. 35-8-705 (1993); N.J. Stat. Ann. sec. 42:1A-30 (2000) (modeled after sec. 504 of Uniform Partnership Act (1997)); Or. Rev. St. Ann. sec. 63.259 (1993); Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. sec. 8345 (West 1988); S.C. Code Ann. sec. 33-44-504 (Law. Co-op. 1976); S.D. Codified Laws Ann. sec. 47-34A-504 (Michie 1998); Utah Code Ann. sec. 48-2c-1103 (1953); Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 11, sec. 3074 (1995); Va. Code Ann. sec. 13.1-1041 (Michie 1991); see, e.g., former RCW 25.04.280 (1955), repealed by Laws of 1998, ch. 103, sec. 1308 (effective January 1, 1999).

 

*fn6 Rankin v. Culver, 303 Pa. 401, 154 A. 701 (1931).

 

*fn7 Rankin, 303 Pa. at 404.

 

*fn8 Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Birchwood Builders, Inc., 240 N.J. Super. 260, 263, 573 A.2d 182 (1990); N.J. Stat. Ann. sec. 42:1-24 (West 1990).

 

*fn9 Birchwood Builders, Inc., 240 N.J. Super. at 266.

 

*fn10 RCW 6.40.050; RCW 25.15.255.

 

*fn11 Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186, 97 S. Ct. 2569, 53 L. Ed. 2d 683 (1977).

 

*fn12 Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235.

 

*fn13 See Hanson, 357 U.S. at 246 n.12.

 

*fn14 Ace Novelty Co. v. M.W. Kasch Co., 82 Wn.2d 145, 508 P.2d 1365 (1973); Shaffer, 433 U.S. 186.

 

*fn15 Int'l Shoe Co. v. Wash., 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S. Ct. 154, 90 L. Ed. 95 (1945); Ace Novelty Co., 82 Wn.2d at 150; Shaffer, 433 U.S. at 187-88.

 

*fn16 Shaffer, 433 U.S. at 210 n.36 (emphasis added).

 

*fn17 U.S. Const. art. IV, sec. 1; 28 U.S.C.A. sec. 1738; RCW 6.40.050. Other jurisdictions have come to similar conclusions using the reasoning and language of Shaffer. Ruiz v. Lloses, 233 N.J. Super. 608, 559 A.2d 866 (1989); Fine v. Spierer, 486 N.Y.S.2d 9, 109 A.D.2d 611 (1985).

 

 

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More Articles On Charging Orders click here

 

 

For more on the historical background of Charging Orders and contemporary issues involving the same, see Jay Adkisson's article, Charging Orders: The Peculiar Mechanism, 61 South Dakota Law Review 440 (2016). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2928487

 

General Information

• About Jay Adkisson and this website
• Articles About Charging Orders

 

Analysis of Uniform Limited Liability Company Act Sections re Charging Orders

• Charging Orders (Section 503) contains the general charging order provisions.

• Foreclosure of Charging Order Liens (503(c-e)) deals with foreclosure generally of an interest subject to a charging order lien.
• Foreclosure re Single-Member LLC (503(f)) is the special case of foreclosure of an LLC with only one member.

• Transfers of Transferable Interests (Section 502) includes definitions of "transfer" (102(23)), "transferable interests" (102(24)), and "transferees" (102(25)) defines to what the charging order attaches.
• Definition of Distribution (Section 102(4)) specifies the economic right obtained through a charging order lien and/or foreclosure.

 

The Uniform Acts re Charging Orders and Transferable Interests (without Jay's comments):

• Uniform Limited Liability Company Act, Article V ("ULLCA" and "RULLCA").

• Uniform Partnership Act, Article V - ("UPA" and "RUPA")
• Uniform Limited Partnership Act, Article VII - ("ULPA" and "RULPA")

 

Effect of Bankruptcy On The Debtor-Member's LLC Interest here

 

 

Collected Court Opinions On Charging Orders here and below

 

Charging Order Example Sample Form

 

 

 

Appeal - Issues relating to the appeal of a charging order

 

Bankruptcy - Treatment of the debtor/member's interest in bankruptcy

 

Compliance - Issues for the LLC and non-debtor members in complying with a charging order

 

Conflicts-Of-Law - Determining which state's laws apply to a charging order dispute

 

Creditor Rights Restrictions - Limitations on creditors' management and informational rights

 

Distributions - Creditors rights to distributive payments

 

Economic Rights - Limitation of charging order and foreclosure to debtor's economic rights

 

Exclusivity - The charging order as the sole remedy available to creditors and exceptions

 

Exemptions - Available state and federal protections that may apply to charging orders

 

Foreclosure - Liquidation by judicial sale of the debtor's right to distributions

 

Foreign Entities - Charging orders against out-of-state entities

 

Information Rights - Creditors' ability to access information about the LLC

 

Intra-Member Disputes - Where one member obtains a charging order against another

 

Jurisdiction - Issues relating to the court's authority over out-of-state debtors and LLCs

 

Lien - The lien effect of a charging order and priority issues

 

Management & Voting Rights - Rights of creditor after charging order issued

 

Order Form Generally - Most issues to the form of the charging order

 

Order Form Future Interests - How the charging order affects subsequently-acquired interests

 

Prejudgment Relief - Freezing the interest and distributions pending judgment

 

Procedure - The procedure for obtaining a charging order and ancillary provisions

 

Receiver - The role of the receiver in charging order proceedings

 

Repurchase/Redemption Rights - Third-parties' ability to purchase the charged interest

 

Single-Member LLCs - Enforcing the judgment against an LLC with a sole member

 

Taxes - Tax issues relating to charging orders for all involved parties

 

Unknown Interest - Where the debtor's interest, if any, has not been ascertained

 

Voidable Transactions/Fraudulent Transfers - Issues relating to avoidable transfers of interests

 

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Additional Court Opinions About charging orders (unsorted)

 

 

• Jay Adkisson - More about Jay D. Adkisson, background, books, articles, speaking appearances.

 

• Creditor-Debtor Law - An overview of judgment enforcement tools and their uses by creditors, and possible defenses by debtors. Related topics include:

 

• Voidable Transactions - Discussion of the Uniform Voidable Transactions Act (a/k/a 2014 Revision of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfers Act) and fraudulent transfer law in general.

 

• California Enforcement of Judgments Law - Considers the topic of judgment enforcement in California, including the California Enforcement of Judgments Law and other laws related to California creditor-debtor issues.

 

• Private Retirement Plans - An exploration of a unique creditor exemption allowed under California law which can be very beneficial but is often misused.

 

• Protected Series - An examination of the single most complex statutory legal structure yet created, with particular reference to the Uniform Protected Series Act of 2017.

 

• Asset Protection - The all-time best-selling book on asset protection planning by Jay Adkisson and Chris Riser.

 

• Anti-SLAPP Laws - A collection of and commentary about Anti-SLAPP laws and significant court decisions on the subject within the United States, and special focus on the California Anti-SLAPP law.

 

• Captive Insurance - Licensed insurance companies formed by the parent organization to handle the insurance and risk management needs of the business.

 

© 2020 Jay D. Adkisson. All Rights Reserved. No claim to government works or the works of the Uniform Law Commission. The information contained in this website is for general educational purposes only, does not constitute any legal advice or opinion, and should not be relied upon in relation to particular cases. Use this information at your own peril; it is no substitute for the legal advice or opinion of an attorney licensed to practice law in the appropriate jurisdiction. This site is https://chargingorder.com Contact: jay [at] jayad.com or by phone to 702-953-9617 or by fax to 877-698-0678.